1st PUC Business Studies Question Bank Chapter 4 Business Services in Kannada

Step allows you to control model execution by moving time forward by a small amount of activity called a step. This allows you to examine the actions more carefully and the side effects of each action. When you are viewing the facility view, the Step button moves the active entity forward to its next time advance.

They were the only group in whom positive post-test change in this measure was deemed by the authors to be ‘very large’. There was no record of how many of the 451 participants with baseline data were in this subgroup or of the actual scores before and after the intervention. Study https://traderoom.info/ findings that do not reach a chosen level of statistical significance may be interesting if there are sufficiently large differences between intervention and control groups in important variables to justify investment in larger studies to test the finding more definitively.

The Trace, Errors, Breakpoints, Watch, Search, and Profile windows can all be accessed on the Project Home ribbon. For example when you enable trace on the Run ribbon, the Trace window will open. If you cause a syntax error while typing an expression, the Errors window will open.

The moral method says that mental illness is an imbalance that the patient has and could be treated with extensive observation and very detailed therapies. This impacted the well-being of mental illness because it benefits the client more rather than punishing them like before. Although it is certainly true that most complex software, regardless of how well-written and well-tested it is, has bugs, it is also true that the vast majority of problems are user errors. Assume that it is your error until proven otherwise and you can immediately start down the path to fixing it. Up until now we’ve barely mentioned animation, but we’ve already been creating useful animations. If you click in the Facility Window and hit the H key, it will toggle on and off some tips about using the keyboard and mouse to move around the animation.

Chapter 4 Process Models

Simio includes comprehensive help available at the touch of the F1 key or the ? If you prefer a printable version, you’ll find a link to the Simio Reference Guide (a .pdf file). The help and reference guides provide an indexed searchable resource describing basic and advanced Simio features.

However, confidentiality regarding disclosure was a major concern for children and young people, so although, for example, teachers could be seen as trustworthy, some children expressed ambivalence about talking with them because confidentiality might not be maintained. This also related to the role of adults supporting the delivery of programmes. Fox et al.,75 whose findings generally supported teachers’ roles in delivering programmes, described a teacher in an observer/support role intervening in a student discussion in a manner that closed down student participation.

Even where statistically significant findings are reported, the effect sizes are generally very low or, at best, moderate. Larger effect sizes are seen in measures of knowledge, though the differences in these tend to decrease over time. The only relatively large and statistically significant finding in a well-designed study in terms of incidence of perpetration or victimisation is in perpetration of physical dating violence in the previous year by Wolfe et al.’s50 evaluation of the ‘Fourth R’ programme. However, the main effect was only in boys and there were counterintuitive findings for girls that suggest that the population in which this study was undertaken was atypical.

We then used the StatTools statistical-analysis add-in to produce the scatterplot and correlation in Figure 4.28. You’ve already seen how this export to a CSV file can be done, in Section 4.2.3, from the Experiment window via the Export Details icon in the Pivot Grid window. Depending on the size of your model, and the number of replications you made, this exported CSV file could be fairly large, and you may need to do some rearranging of it, or extracting from it, to get at the results you want.

6 Exporting Output Data for Further Analysis

Simio’s trace is at the Process Step level — each Step in a process generates one or more trace statements. Until you learn about processes, Simio trace may seem hard to read, but once you understand Steps, you will begin to appreciate the rich detail made available to you. The Simio Trace can be filtered for easier use as well as exported to an external file for post-run analysis.

• However, it is a large study (1722 students from 20 schools) and is otherwise reasonably well designed.
• Step allows you to control model execution by moving time forward by a small amount of activity called a step.
• An increase in help-seeking was found in some studies by both the quantitative and qualitative reviews.
• A business model is a configuration (activity systems) of what the business does (activities) and what it invests in (resources) based on the logic that drives the profits for a specific business” (p. 97).
• Their individual commentaries reflect unique theoretical perspectives, and they include discussions of why the sharing economy makes service management research more relevant, implications for companies and consumers, and key research needs.

This review was based on realist principles; it included papers that used a range of methods including qualitative data, so broadening the knowledge base arising from the three reviews that have previously been reported in this area. The included RCTs were better quality and less likely to report statistically significant results than the case–control and cohort studies and so, in general, the results reinforce those of the prior reviews in terms of a lack of evidence of significant programme efficacy. The other methods, however, provide evidence on the other process and outcome measures listed in the Petticrew and Roberts chart in Chapter 2 (see Table 1). They illustrate the diversity of programmes that have been tested in this area in terms of programme components, timings, staffing and underlying philosophies. Most of these programmes appear to be operating on the basis of an interpretation of behavioural change theory, although the application of this theory tends to be context specific. In general, programme outcomes are framed as one or more of knowledge, attitudes, behaviours, and incidence of victimisation or perpetration.

One more step…

Gardner and Boellaard60 and Jaffe et al.64 were both graded C/D, meaning that the utility of their findings for other settings should be treated with great caution. In general, the quality of the cohort and case–control studies was noticeably lower than that of the controlled trials. For five of the studies where standard deviations (SDs) are reported for the outcomes, the data appear to be skewed, as suggested by wide and overlapping SDs.44,45,50 Two of the Foshee et al.51,52 studies also report what appear to be overlapping SDs, but, on inspection, are actually standard errors. These would then have influenced the means for those outcomes for the whole population group. The implications of this are explored further in the discussion section of this chapter.

Alternatively, a self-referral model allows survivors to contact the clinic directly and request services. This has the potential advantage of reaching more survivors and lowering the barrier for access, particularly in communities where there is a waitlist for advocacy services. A self-referral model requires dedicated resources and staffing to field incoming requests and will require a robust intake/screening process (see Intake, Screening, and Triage below). Some changes emerged due to uncontrollable circumstances (e.g. the remote-only demands of the COVID-19 pandemic), while others evolved in response to changing capacities or client needs. We share service models used in existing clinics to ground this discussion in examples. However, we recognize that there is no single ‘best’ service delivery model, and the models used in existing clinics are likely to see future improvements.

In most of the studies in this group, the loss to follow-up was high, or very high. Only three studies reported dropout rates of less than 35% at the final data collection point.61,62,68 In the case of Gardner and Boellaard’s study,60 fewer than 10% of the original participants were included in the final analysis (72 out of 743, including case and control participants). As Figure 15 shows, 28 quantitative papers and six qualitative papers were included in the review; there was some overlap, with three of these papers containing both quantitative and qualitative data, and so in total there were 31 papers included in the systematic review.

Medications promoted the well-being of those with mental illness because they provide the client medicine that helps them control their behavior, relieve depression, or ease pain. Resulting in the client to be able to control negative behaviors and to live a non-harmful life. Medical model is for an individual that has a problem that is either a sickness or disease.

The only study to demonstrate associations between intervening variables and perpetration and victimisation51 suggested that improved conflict management skills and belief in a need for help were most likely to correlate with these outcomes. However, as noted above, the analysis process used in this paper had limitations and the data were highly skewed, which might limit the generalisability of the findings. In developing our initial Simio models, we focused on an arbitrary queueing system with entities and servers — very boring. Our focus for this section and for Section 4.8 is to add some context to the models so that they’ll more closely represent the types of “real” systems that simulation is used to analyze.

• There was a bigger range in the quality scores for these studies than for the randomised trials.
• In this section we will give you some additional insight to improve your debugging abilities.
• To switch between 2D and 3D view modes, just tap the 2 and 3 keys on the keyboard, or select the View ribbon and click on the 2D or 3D options.

Where they were reported, as for the randomised trials, group imbalances were clear for important demographic variables (such as gender or grade) in five papers.59,61,63,66,70 Among these, only Miller et al.66 corrected for all obvious biases. Black et al.61 corrected for grade mix, but not for other imbalances that appeared to be present. In addition, depending on the volume of requests and clinic capacity, there may also be a need to triage requests for services, rather chapter 4 models and services than following a first-come, first-serve model. If the request is urgent or time-sensitive (e.g. the client is moving into a shelter or has an upcoming court date), the clinic may consider prioritizing those clients for services and include such variables on the intake form. The Germanic model
of corporate governance is different from other models because of its three unique
components where two are regarded to the board formation and one pertains
shareholders rights.

It features cases and examples from all over the world and is suitable for students who want to gain a wider managerial view. We also define the nature of services and how they create value for customers without transfer of ownership. The chapter highlights some distinctive challenges involved in marketing services and introduces the 7 Ps of services marketing. The framework shown in Figure I on the facing page will accompany us throughout as it forms the basis for each of the five parts in this book.

Our general approach going forward will be to run multiple replications and to use the sample averages as estimates of the means of the output statistics, and to use the 95% confidence-interval half-widths to help determine the appropriate number of replications if we’re interested in estimating the true mean. So, instead of simply using the averages (point estimates), we’ll also use the confidence intervals (interval estimates) when analyzing results. The standard Simio Pivot Grid report for experiments (see Figure 4.12) automatically supports this approach by providing the sample average and 95% confidence-interval half-widths for all output statistics. As just suggested, a replication is a run of the model with a fixed set of starting and ending conditions using a specific and separate, non-overlapping sequence of input random numbers and random variates (the exponentially distributed interarrival and service times in our case). For the time being, assume that the starting and ending conditions are dictated by the starting and ending simulation time (although as we’ll see later, there are other possible kinds of starting and ending conditions).

These diverse findings might suggest that the important issue is to tailor the programme to the situation, rather than it being a simple matter of length/intensity overall as suggested by Lavoie et al.67 in the quote cited above. Help-seeking was also a measured outcome for the programme run by lawyers.45 Perhaps unsurprisingly, perceived helpfulness of lawyers and help-seeking from them were both increased up to the final point of analysis (1 year). For the subgroup of those with lower levels of English proficiency in this study, help-seeking from doctors and nurses was also increased, although the size of the increase was only moderate. Generally, blinding to the intervention was not possible; however, Wolfe et al.50 stated that students in their study were not informed which groups they were in, although, as noted above, randomisation a year before implementation would have alerted teachers and possibly pupils to the allocation.

Indeed, the attempt to translate the programme to a very different context reported by Miller et al.66 raises the hypothesis that the mechanism of effect, if any, was about personal engagement of the coaches. Translating the theory and principles of the programme from the USA to India required extensive groundwork to bring the coaches who were to be role models for the boys to the level of gender equity awareness required for the programme to run. In the event, even 12 days of work with the coaches over 4 months, including biweekly workshops pre intervention, resulted in only a small change in gender attitudes [0.28 on a 5-point scale (95% CI 0.12 to 0.43)]. This needs to be understood in the context of the fact that 80% of the boys in the Indian study reported having perpetrated violence prior to the programme being implemented. It is also not clear from the report in Miller et al.66 if the coaches in India also had access to biweekly support sessions and the reinforcement of tracking sheets that were part of the US programme.